{"id":204,"date":"2014-07-29T15:02:37","date_gmt":"2014-07-29T15:02:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/?p=204"},"modified":"2014-09-25T09:46:54","modified_gmt":"2014-09-25T09:46:54","slug":"204","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/2014\/07\/29\/204\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;J&#8217;ai travers\u00e9 le nuage et aussit\u00f4t j&#8217;ai eu des picotements dans la gorge, le nez, les yeux&#8230;&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/cba.fro.at\/265531\/embed?&#038;socialmedia=true&#038;title=false&#038;subscribe=true&#038;series_link=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"250\" style=\"border:none; width:100%; height:250;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>The countries who took part in the <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907\">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907<\/a><\/strong> accepted to refrain from using &#8220;projectiles the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases&#8221;. These Conventions, however, have been<strong> widely ignored<\/strong> and the use of gases in WWI has been recorded as early as 1914.<\/p>\n<p>Chemical warfare was started by <strong>France in August 1914<\/strong>, when tear gas grenades (xylyl bromide) were used to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/poison_gas_and_world_war_one.htm\">slow down the German army<\/a> advancing through Belgium. Poisonous gas however didn&#8217;t appear on the battlefield before <strong>April 1915<\/strong>, during the second battle of Ypres, when the <strong>German army<\/strong> sent a chlorine cloud against French lines.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, about <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.opcw.org\/about-chemical-weapons\/history-of-cw-use\/\">124.000 tons<\/a> of chemical agents<\/strong> have been used during WWI., both lethal and non-lethal. The casualties amount to over 1 million injured and <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/poison_gas_and_world_war_one.htm\">90.000 dead<\/a><\/strong>. Whereas the <strong>huge gap<\/strong> between the number of soldiers exposed to gases and the actual amount of fatalities allows to question the effectivenes of such weapon, <strong>its brutality is undeniable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_218\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-218\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-218\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"Vickers machine gun crew wearing gas mask (Wikipedia)\" width=\"450\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks-1024x636.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks.jpg 1243w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-218\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">British soldiers wearing gas masks (Wikipedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The first &#8220;guest&#8221; of this episode is <strong>Johann G\u00f6rtemaker<\/strong>, German soldier. In a letter from 26th August 1917 he relates a special tactic used by the enemy in Flanders. The British combined <strong>poisonous gas clouds with harmless smoke screens<\/strong> in order to cover their movements and disorient the German army. <strong>Listen<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-204-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1917_08_26_G\u00f6rtemaker_Johann.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1917_08_26_G\u00f6rtemaker_Johann.mp3\">https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1917_08_26_G\u00f6rtemaker_Johann.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>More information on Johannes\u00a0 G\u00f6rtemaker is available at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/de\/contributions\/462\">http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/de\/contributions\/462<\/a>, togehter with a transcription of his letters.<\/p>\n<p>The second &#8220;guest&#8221; is <strong>Maurice Leclerc<\/strong>, a French soldier who was exposed to\u00a0 irritating gas in June 1916. On the next day he wrote on the accident in a letter to his family. The gas shell fell <strong>20 meters in front of him<\/strong>, and Leclerc couldn&#8217;t avoid the cloud. His eyes and lungs were affected for a few hours but he was able to recover quickly. <strong>Listen<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-204-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1916_06_12_Leclerc_Maurice.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1916_06_12_Leclerc_Maurice.mp3\">https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/1916_06_12_Leclerc_Maurice.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>A scan of his letter is available at:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/de\/contributions\/7384\/attachments\/78089?layout=0\">http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/de\/contributions\/7384\/attachments\/78089?layout=0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_215\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-215\" style=\"width: 439px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/leclerc.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-215\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/leclerc.jpg\" alt=\"leclerc\" width=\"439\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/leclerc.jpg 518w, https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/leclerc-187x300.jpg 187w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-215\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">First page of Maurice Leclerc&#8217;s letter. Source: Europeana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The third account on chemical warfare comes from a British veteran, <strong>Arthur &#8220;Slim&#8221; Simpson<\/strong>. In an interview recorded in 1981 he recalls being <strong>exposed to irritating gas<\/strong> and suffering a few days from the effects.\u00a0<strong>Listen<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-204-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Simpson_Slim_Arthur-1.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Simpson_Slim_Arthur-1.mp3\">https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/07\/Simpson_Slim_Arthur-1.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>The full interview is available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/en\/contributions\/5648\">http:\/\/www.europeana1914-1918.eu\/en\/contributions\/5648<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The last document is a letter from <strong>Guido Sampaolo<\/strong> (see episodes <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/2014\/06\/30\/1914-1918-kriegsberichte-aus-erster-hand\/\">#1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/2014\/07\/23\/wenn-ich-stellung-bin-schickt-bitte-noch-etwas-zucker-lichter-tabletten\/\">#4<\/a>), dated 8h July 1915. He denounces a broad usage of poisonous gas from the Austrian army, as well as the <strong>lack of gas masks<\/strong> among Italian troops (he claims that in his sector only 2 masks every 15 men were available). Sampaolo also writes that the gas masks were <strong>not always effective<\/strong>, and could not ensure full protection for the soldiers. Moreover, they also had to suffer the awful <strong>smell of corpses<\/strong>: the enemy was occupying a ventilated high ground and didn&#8217;t allow the dead to be buried. <strong>Listen<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-204-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/08\/1915_07_08_Sanpaolo_Guido.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/08\/1915_07_08_Sanpaolo_Guido.mp3\">https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/files\/2014\/08\/1915_07_08_Sanpaolo_Guido.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><strong>-Credits-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Editing: Eva Schmidhuber, Matteo Coletta<\/p>\n<p>Voices in this episode:\u00a0Hannes Hochwasser als Johannes G\u00f6rtemaker, Matteo Coletta as Maurice Leclerc and Guido Sampaolo,\u00a0 Arthur Simpson as himself.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jingle:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Music: Gregoire Lourme, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jamendo.com\/de\/track\/1063185\/fire-arrows-and-shields\">Fire arrows and shields<\/a>\u201d<br \/>\nConcept: Matteo Coletta<br \/>\nVoices: Hannes Hochwasser, Matteo Coletta, Roman Reischl, L.J. Ounsworth, Norbert K. Hund.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The countries who took part in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 accepted to refrain from using &#8220;projectiles the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases&#8221;. These Conventions, however, have been widely ignored and the use of gases in WWI has been recorded as early as 1914. Chemical warfare &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/2014\/07\/29\/204\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;J&#8217;ai travers\u00e9 le nuage et aussit\u00f4t j&#8217;ai eu des picotements dans la gorge, le nez, les yeux&#8230;&#8221;<\/span> weiterlesen <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":676,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s4UhV1-204","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/676"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=204"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/204\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":464,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/204\/revisions\/464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.radiofabrik.at\/stimmen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}